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to
the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Canada hopes to enter
into more of these types of agreements over time.
Common law partner. Canada now permits an
expanded group of dependents beyond spouses to accompany a principal
applicant (or to sponsor in relevant circumstances).
Common law
partners include long-term opposite-sex couples, and same-sex couples.
Conjugal
partner, a person outside Canada who may be sponsored by a Canadian
citizen or permanent resident sponsor based on a conjugal relationship
of at least one year.
Designated medical practitioner (DMP). All
applicants for permanent residence, and some for temporary entry (e.g.,
workers in a health field) require a medical examination. Such
examinations can only be carried out by certain doctors who have been
pre-qualified by Canadian immigration authorities.
Economic class, a class of permanent
residence applicants that Canada seeks through certain skills or
characteristics; the class is divided further into skilled workers and
business applicants.
The three business
categories include entrepreneur, which requires a net worth of $300,000
(Canadian) and business experience, and will have a condition placed on
the visa to commence operation of a business with certain
characteristics after obtaining permanent residence; investor, which
requires a net worth of $800,000 and business experience; and
self-employed, which requires experience in certain types of business,
such as cultural or athletic.
Family class, a class of immigrants who
qualify for immigration based on their family ties to Canada.
Foreign national, anyone who is not a
Canadian citizen or permanent resident.
General Agreement on Trade in Services
(GATS), a NAFTA-like agreement that covers most countries in the world
and is often utilized, like NAFTA, for intracompany transfers.
Inadmissibility, the basis for denial of
entry to Canada. Grounds may include criminal issues, medical issues,
issues of misrepresentation, insufficient funds, or other grounds.
Investor, one of three business categories
of permanent residence applicant under the economic class. Investors
require a net worth of $800,000 (Canadian) and business experience.
Low income cut-off (LICO), the minimum
amount of earnings that someone must have to carry out a sponsorship of
a family member.
National Occupational Classification (NOC),
a description of all occupations and their requirements, akin to the
U.S. Dictionary of Occupational Titles,
used in assessing
qualifications for immigration.
Operations memorandum, a memo from NHQ to
officers in the field with regard to a particular immigration issue.
Port of entry, an entry point into Canada,
whether by land, air, or sea.
Protected person. IRPA provides for a broad
range of considerations vis-?vis persons in need of protection. Beyond
the ordinary Convention
refugee
definition, this may now include persons who may face cruel and unusual
treatment, and others at risk.
Provincial nominees. The federal government
now has agreements in place with a number of the provinces allowing them
to select a limited number of immigrants destined for their province.
This trend appears to be spreading and gaining popularity.
Rehabilitation, the term to describe someone
given a permanent waiver concerning an inadmissibility issue (some cases
may be deemed rehabilitated).
Removal orders. In Canada, there are three
ways by which someone may be required to leave Canada (or may be denied
entry) due to an immigration violation: (a) a deportation, which means
the foreign national cannot return to Canada unless he or she gets an
overriding "minister's consent," (b) a departure order, which
means the alien can return to Canada without a minister's consent,
subject to any other valid considerations on the foreign national's next
application, and (c) an exclusion order, which means the alien cannot
return to Canada for one year; often used for port of entry violations.
Visa post, any Canadian embassy, high
commission or consulate designated to issue immigration documents (a
"high commission" is an embassy in a Commonwealth country).
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